Response of mountain plovers to plague-driven dynamics of black-tailed prairie dog colonies

Sylvatic plague is a major factor influencing the dynamics of black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) colonies in the western Great Plains. We studied the nesting response of the mountain plover (Charadrius montanus), a grassland bird that nests on prairie dog colonies, to plague-driven dynamics of prairie dog colonies at three sites in the western Great Plains. First, we examined plover nest distribution on colonies that were previously affected by plague, but that had been recovering (expanding) for at least 6 years. Plovers consistently nested in both young (colonized in the past 1–2 years) and old (colonized for 6 or more years) portions of prairie dog colonies in proportion to their availability. Second, we examined changes in plover nest frequency at two sites following plague epizootics, and found that mountain plover nest numbers declined relatively rapidly (≤2 years) on plague-affected colonies. Taken together, our findings indicate that available plover nesting habitat associated with prairie dog colonies closely tracks the area actively occupied by prairie dogs each year. Given the presence of plague throughout most of the mountain plover’s breeding range in the western Great Plains, important factors affecting plover populations likely include landscape features that determine the scale of plague outbreaks, the distance that plovers move in response to changing breeding habitat conditions, and the availability and quality of alternate breeding habitat within the landscape.     

鄱阳湖湿地灰化苔草群落物种多度分布格局沿水分梯度的变化

为揭示鄱阳湖湿地苔草群落的构建机制,选择灰化苔草(Carex cinerascens)群落作为研究对象,通过设立3条样带调查不同水分梯度的群落物种多度,选用断棍模型(BSM)、生态位优先占领模型(NPM)、优势优先模型(DPM)、随机分配模型(RAM)和生态位重叠模型(ONM)5个生态位模型对群落种-多度关系进行拟合,结果表明,1)灰化苔草群落可按土壤水分划分为高湿度、中湿度和低湿度3组,分别对应从湖边、湿地中间和湿地边缘的梯度分布;2)从高到低的水分梯度上,灰化苔草群落的物种数先增加后降低,优势种多度逐渐增加,物种多度分布曲线由相对平缓变为陡峭;3)高湿度灰化苔草群落物种多度分布格局的最佳拟合模型为BSM,中、低湿度的理想模型转变为NPM。研究认为,水分条件的变化是灰化苔草群落物种多度分布格局改变的主因,随着水分梯度降低,群落构建的生态学过程由随机生态位变为生态位优先占领。研究为鄱阳湖湿地多样性保育和生态功能管理提供了理论参考。     

基于DVS技术研究木材的动态吸附特性

利用动态水分吸附（DVS）技术测量黑桦和油松2种木材在动态吸附过程中的含水率,再通过平行指数动力学（PEK）模型分析其动态吸附特性。结果表明,相对湿度越高,木材吸附时间越长,平衡含水率越高;黑桦和油松的吸附等温线呈“S”形,是Ⅱ型吸附等温线;各个湿度阶段DVS测试与PEK模型拟合得到的平衡含水率差值小,在-0.08%～0.02%间,拟合度R²均高于0.99;PEK模型中快速（MC₁）与慢速（MC₂）吸附过程含水率之和近似等于该湿度阶段试样增长的含水率（ΔMC）;快速吸附过程与单层吸附相似,MC₁折线总体呈下降的趋势,慢速吸附过程与多层吸附相似,MC₂折线总体呈上升的趋势;黑桦试样慢速特征时间（t₂）范围为51.50～103.20 min,快速特征时间（t₁）为3.83～9.27 min,油松试样t₂范围为12.72～28.63 min,t₁为3.64～7.83 min。     

通辽玉米滴灌灌溉制度

为更加合理制定玉米滴灌灌溉制度,以我国“节水增粮行动”为背景, 于2016年在内蒙古通辽开展玉米滴灌灌溉制度试验研究.根据试验区34 a的降雨资料进行降雨频率分析,选取不同水文年型的代表年,结合玉米滴灌试验得到实际耗水规律,对比6种灌溉处理在各生育阶段的变化情况,测定了株高、叶面积指数、玉米产量等指标.结果表明:中水处理作物性状及产量较高,且水分利用效率最高,为最佳灌水处理;以中水处理作为滴灌灌溉制度的参考依据,通过气象数据计算参考蒸发蒸腾量ET₀.利用实际耗水量获取各生育阶段作物系数,结合代表年型的ET₀计算需水量.根据降雨量,得到不同水文年型滴灌灌溉制度:枯水年覆膜滴灌灌溉定额1 575 m³/hm²,无膜滴灌灌溉定额1 785 m³/hm²;平水年覆膜滴灌灌溉定额1 125 m³/hm²,无膜滴灌灌溉定额1 425 m³/hm²;丰水年覆膜滴灌灌溉定额600 m³/hm²,无膜滴灌灌溉定额900 m³/hm².     

退化人工柠条林灌下沙埋干预的土壤水文效应

灌丛沙堆是旱区灌丛植被水文过程的快通道,也是调节土壤水分平衡的关键点。以荒漠草原退化人工柠条林为研究对象,通过人工沙埋的方式改变灌丛沙堆大小与形态,在连续监测分析基础上(2012—2016年),探讨了人工沙埋干预下灌丛沙堆土壤水文过程与水文效应的动态响应。结果表明:与对照相比,(1)沙埋干预并未显著改变表层0—10cm主要的水文物理指标,但是显著提高了5—10cm土壤水分入渗速率,同时0—5cm初渗率显著降低;(2)沙埋干预明显提高了降水后表层0—5cm土壤的即时持水性,同时降水后表层土壤水分含量衰减过程呈现出很强的季节性变化;(3)2012—2016年生长季末沙埋处理的0—100cm土壤相对储水率分别为11.3%,-6.5%,4.5%,4.3%,15.7%,这种效应集中在0—60cm,对照处理下层土壤(60—100cm)水分含量的波动性更强。总体而言,沙埋干预对表层土壤水文物理特性无显著影响,但是显著提高了5—10cm土层水分入渗性能并降低了0—5cm初渗率;但是这种局部入渗性能的加强并未提高水分补给深度,上下层间水文联系反而弱化。沙埋干预的长期水文效应及其作为旱化成龄人工林适应性管理措施的适宜性还有待进一步的跟踪监测与分析。     

三峡水库对坝下河流水文情势影响研究

选取三峡水库下游宜昌水文站1950-2016年近70年的流量资料,采用Mann-Kendall法,分析宜昌水文站流量变化趋势。基于水文改变指标法(IHA)和变化范围法(RVA)评价三峡工程蓄水前后宜昌水文站32个IHA指标的水文改变程度,分析高度改变的水文指标,并基于32个IHA指标计算的水文改变度(D0)和DHRAM,分析三峡水库蓄水前后宜昌水文站整体水文情势变化,对宜昌站的水文改变程度进行定量评价。结果表明,在研究期间内,宜昌站年均流量呈减少趋势,在Mann-Kendall趋势检验中通过了95%的显著性检验,表明年均流量减少趋势显著;非汛期流量增加,汛期流量减少;年均最小流量和年均最大流量分别表现为增大和减少的趋势,年最小流量出现时间提前;低脉冲发生频率消失,高脉冲发生次数和历时略有下降;上升率和下降率均有减少趋势,逆转次数的水文改变度达到100%。通过DHRAM和D0计算后,水文情势整体为中度改变。     

基于交互熵原理的水文分布参数估计研究

【目的】研究交互熵法进行水文分布参数估计的普适性。【方法】应用最小交互熵原理研究Gumbel分布参数估计,在此基础上应用蒙特卡洛试验检验交互熵法统计性能,然后结合矩法和线性矩法等传统参数估计方法,以陕西省关中地区周至、武功、蒲城、礼泉、白水、潼关6个水文站年降水序列为例,计算年降水量设计值并拟合实测值序列,利用累积相对偏差平方和评价理论年降水量频率曲线对实测值序列的拟合效果。【结果】蒙特卡洛试验检验表明,交互熵法所求设计值的有效性指标估计量标准偏差(SE)和均方根误差(RMSE)小于矩法和线性矩法,偏差指标控制在7%以内;交互熵法估计周至、武功、蒲城、礼泉、白水、潼关6个水文站的累积相对偏差平方和分别为0.000 017 68,0.000 065 62,0.000 019 66,0.000 063 00,0.000 014 12和0.000 016 61,线性矩法估计上述6站的累积相对偏差平方和分别为0.000 087 62,0.000 093 55,0.000 086 52,0.000 101 39,0.000 065 15和0.000 069 05,矩法估计上述6站的累积相对偏差平方和分别为0.000 108 74,0.000 125 40,0.000 092 41,0.000 127 65,0.000 085 49和0.000 093 57。由此可知,交互熵法不仅具有较好的有效性与合理的不偏性,而且与实测序列的拟合效果也明显优于传统方法。【结论】交互熵法是一种可行的水文分布参数估计方法,能有效提高Gumbel分布参数的估计精度。     

土壤水蚀过程研究回顾

在学科发展和社会需求的双重驱动下,土壤水蚀过程一直是土壤侵蚀研究领域关注的焦点和热点。文章对土壤水蚀过程研究进行系统的回顾总结,介绍了土壤水蚀过程的概念和研究方法;重点从坡面土壤分离—搬运—沉积过程、流域土壤侵蚀—输移—堆积过程和水蚀预报模型3个方面,阐述了土壤水蚀过程研究的核心内容及取得的主要成就,并对国内外土壤水蚀过程研究进行了对比分析。在此基础上,将土壤水蚀过程研究尚需解决的难点问题归纳为土壤水蚀过程与机理、水土流失尺度特征和水土保持措施防蚀机理3个方面。     

Dissolved and colloidal phosphorus fluxes in forest ecosystems—an almost blind spot in ecosystem research

Understanding and quantification of phosphorus (P) fluxes are key requirements for predictions of future forest ecosystems changes as well as for transferring lessons learned from natural ecosystems to croplands and plantations. This review summarizes and evaluates the recent knowledge on mechanisms, magnitude, and relevance by which dissolved and colloidal inorganic and organic P forms can be translocated within or exported from forest ecosystems. Attention is paid to hydrological pathways of P losses at the soil profile and landscape scales, and the subsequent influence of P on aquatic ecosystems. New (unpublished) data from the German Priority Program 1685 “Ecosystem Nutrition: Forest Strategies for limited Phosphorus Resources” were added to provide up‐to‐date flux‐based information. Nitrogen (N) additions increase the release of water‐transportable P forms. Most P found in percolates and pore waters belongs to the so‐called dissolved organic P (DOP) fractions, rich in orthophosphate‐monoesters and also containing some orthophosphate‐diesters. Total solution P concentrations range from ca. 1 to 400 µg P L^?1, with large variations among forest stands. Recent sophisticated analyses revealed that large portions of the DOP in forest stream water can comprise natural nanoparticles and fine colloids which under extreme conditions may account for 40–100% of the P losses. Their translocation within preferential flow passes may be rapid, mediated by storm events. The potential total P loss through leaching into subsoils and with streams was found to be less than 50 mg P m^?2 a^?1, suggesting effects on ecosystems at centennial to millennium scale. All current data are based on selected snapshots only. Quantitative measurements of P fluxes in temperate forest systems are nearly absent in the literature, probably due to main research focus on the C and N cycles. Therefore, we lack complete ecosystem‐based assessments of dissolved and colloidal P fluxes within and from temperate forest systems.     

不同炮炙方法对黄瓜籽中钙离子溶出量的影响

为优化黄瓜籽的炮炙方法,在炒黄、炒焦、炒炭条件下,将每个样品各分为籽、粉两个规格,采用超声波提取法,原子分光光度法测定黄瓜籽中钙离子含量。结果表明:在炒炭黄瓜籽粉中,Ca~+溶出量最多,为3.106%,炒黄的黄瓜籽粉中Ca~+溶出量最少,为0.838%。即炒炭炮炙可使黄瓜籽粉中Ca~+溶出量最多。